Gigged Page 20

  4   Meisner, Jason. TV Pitchman Kevin Trudeau Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison. Chicago Tribune. March 17, 2014. http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-kevin-trudeau-sentenced-20140317-story.html.

  5   Uber eventually shut Xchange down after it discovered it was losing 18 times more money per vehicle than it originally had thought.

  6   Griswold, Alison. Inside Uber’s Unsettling Alliance with Some of New York’s Shadiest Car Dealers. Quartz. June 27, 2017. https://qz.com/1013882/ubers-rental-and-lease-programs-with-new-york-car-dealers-push-drivers-toward-shady-subprime-contracts/.

  7   Taylor, Kate. Why Millenials Are Ending the 9 to 5. Forbes. August 23, 2013. https://www.forbes.com/sites/katetaylor/2013/08/23/why-millennials-are-ending-the-9-to-5/#55af647c715d.

  8   Agan, Tom. Embracing the Millennials’ Mind-Set at Work. New York Times. November 9, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/jobs/embracing-the-millennials-mind-set-at-work.html.

  9   Matchar, Emily. How Those Spoiled Millennials Will Make the Workplace Better for Everyone. Washington Post. August 16, 2012. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-those-spoiled-millennials-will-make-the-workplace-better-for-everyone/2012/08/16/814af692-d5d8-11e1-a0cc-8954acd5f90c_story.html?utm_term=.26a74c545bef.

  10   Fry, Richard. Millennials Surpass Gen Xers as the Largest Generation in the U.S. Labor Force. Pew Research Center. May 11, 2015. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/05/11/millennials-surpass-gen-xers-as-the-largest-generation-in-u-s-labor-force/.

  11   It’s called Coase’s Theory of the Firm.

  12   Manyika, James, Susan Lund, Jacques Bughin, Kelsey Robinson, Jan Mischke, and Deepa Mahajan. Independent Work: Choice, Necessity, and the Gig Economy. McKinsey Global Institute. October 2016.

  13   From https://gigster.com; since changed.

  14   Kalil, Tom, and Farnamn Jahanian. Computer Science Is for Everyone! Obama White House Archives. December 11, 2013. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2013/12/11/computer-science-everyone.

  15   Kessler, Sarah. Tech Interns at Facebook and Snapchat Make Significantly More Than Almost All Americans. Quartz. December 5, 2016. https://qz.com/851945/how-much-interns-at-tech-companies-get-paid/.

  16   Though Gigster in 2016 announced it would offer freelance workers a way to earn equity in some of the startups they collectively did work for, Curtis never heard anything about how to participate.

  CHAPTER 3

  1   “20% of full-time freelancers”: Murphy, Laura. What to Do about Health Care? The Conversation on Both Sides of the Aisle. Freelancers Union (blog). November 3, 2016. https://blog.freelancersunion.org/2016/11/03/health-insurance-2016. “10.3% of the non-elderly general population”: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Key Facts about the Uninsured Population. September 19, 2017. http://kff.org/uninsured/fact-sheet/key-facts-about-the-uninsured-population/. The Affordable Care drastically reduced the number of people who go without health insurance. During the ten years before the policy was implemented in 2014, the rate hovered at about 16%.

  2   Manyika, James, Susan Lund, Jacques Bughin, Kelsey Robinson, Jan Mischke, and Deepa Mahajan. Independent Work: Choice, Necessity, and the Gig Economy. McKinsey Global Institute. October 2016.

  3   Arrington, Michael. Amazon Finally Reveals Itself as the Matrix. TechCrunch. November 4, 2005. https://techcrunch.com/2005/11/04/amazon-finally-shows-itself-as-the-matrix/.

  4   Berg, Janine. Income Security in the On-Demand Economy: Findings and Policy Lessons from a Survey of Crowdworkers. International Labour Office. 2016.

  CHAPTER 4

  1   Weiner, Jenna. What Does oDesk Mean Anyway? Our Startup Story. Upwork Blog. March 26, 2013. https://www.upwork.com/blog/2013/03/what-does-odesk-mean-anyway-our-startup-story/.

  2   Dey, Matthew, Susan Houseman, and Anne Polivka. What Do We Know about Contracting Out in the United States? Evidence from Household and Establishment Surveys. In Labor in the New Economy, eds. Katharine G. Abraham, James R. Spletzer, and Michael Harper. University of Chicago Press, October 2010.

  CHAPTER 5

  1   Farrell, Diana, and Fiona Greig. Paychecks, Paydays, and the Online Platform Economy. JP Morgan Chase & Co. Institute. February 2016.

  2   Squawk Box. CNBC. Wednesday, April 27, 2016. Transcript available from: http://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/27/cnbc-exclusive-cnbc-excerpts-uber-co-founder-ceo-travis-kalanick-on-cnbcs-squawk-box-today.html.

  3   Kokalitcheva, Kia. Uber’s CEO Calls His Company a Labor “Safety Net.” Fortune. June 24, 2016. http://fortune.com/2016/06/23/uber-safety-net-comments/.

  4   Upwork press release. Freelancers Union and Upwork Release New Study Revealing Insights into the Almost 54 Million People Freelancing in America. October 1, 2015. https://www.upwork.com/press/2015/10/01/freelancers-union-and-upwork-release-new-study-revealing-insights-into-the-almost-54-million-people-freelancing-in-america/.

  5   Hanrahan, Disin. We Must Protect the On-Demand Economy to Protect the Future of Work. Wired. November 9, 2015. http://www.wired.com/2015/11/we-must-protect-the-on-demand-economy-to-protect-the-future-of-work/.

  6   Wheeler, Brian. Gig Economy Workers “Like the Flexibility.” BBC. October 5, 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-41490172.

  7   Working Mothers Issue Brief. Women’s Bureau US Department of Labor. June 2016. https://www.dol.gov/wb/resources/WB_WorkingMothers_508_FinalJune13.pdf.

  8   Hochschild, Arlie, and Anne Machung. The Second Shift. Penguin Books. 2013. It is no surprise that more women, who still bear an unequal share of caregiving responsibilities, are more likely to say that flexibility is important to them. In one UK survey, 40% of women said that flexible working is “very important” to them in contrast to 23% of men. Similarly, 42% of people of all genders who have caring responsibilities said flexible working was important in comparison to 29% of those without caring responsibilities.

  9   Press release. International Labour Organization. September 6, 1999. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_071326/lang—en/index.htm. Despite this increase in hours for full-time workers, the average number of hours worked in the United States is falling slightly, as many workers, especially those with less education and less elite jobs, struggle to find as much work as they would like.

  10   US Employee Engagement, 2011–2015. Gallup Daily tracking interviews. http://news.gallup.com/poll/188144/employee-engagement-stagnant-2015.aspx.

  11   US Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000.

  12   Desilver, Drew. US Income Inequality, on Rise for Decades, Is Now Highest since 1928. Pew Research Center. December 5, 2013. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/05/u-s-income-inequality-on-rise-for-decades-is-now-highest-since-1928/.

  13   Friedman, Thomas. How to Monetize Your Closet. New York Times. December 21, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/opinion/sunday/friedman-how-to-monetize-your-closet.html; Geron, Tomio. Airbnb and the Unstoppable Rise of the Share Economy. Forbes. February 11, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2013/01/23/airbnb-and-the-unstoppable-rise-of-the-share-economy/#463a65b6790b.

  14   Johnson, Justin Elof. Will You Leave Your Job to Join the Sharing Economy? VentureBeat. January 21, 2013. http://venturebeat.com/2013/01/21/will-you-leave-your-job-to-join-the-sharing-economy/.

  15   Manjoo, Farhad. Uber’s Business Model Could Change Your Work. New York Times. January 28, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/technology/personaltech/uber-a-rising-business-model.html.

  16   Retelny, Daniela, Sébastien Robaszkiewicz, Alexandra To, Walter S. Lasecki, Jay Patel, Negar Rahmati, Tulsee Doshi, Melissa Valentine, and Michael S. Bernstein. Expert Crowdsourcing with Flash Teams. Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. October 5–8, 2014.

  17  �
�Fidler, Devin. Here’s How Managers Can Be Replaced by Software. Harvard Business Review. April 21, 2015. https://hbr.org/2015/04/heres-how-managers-can-be-replaced-by-software.

  18   De La Merced, Michael J. Uber Attains Eye-Popping New Levels of Funding. New York Times. June 6, 2014. https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/06/06/uber-raises-new-funds-at-17-billion-valuation/.

  19   Saitto, Serena. Uber Valued at $40 Billion in $1.2 Billion Equity Funding. Bloomberg. December 4, 2014. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-04/uber-valued-at-40-billion-with-1-2-billion-equity-fundraising.

  20   Shieber, Jonathan. Handy Hits $1 Million a Week in Bookings as Cleaning Economy Consolidates. TechCrunch. October 14, 2014. https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/14/handy-hits-1-million-a-week-in-bookings-as-cleaning-economy-consolidates/.

  CHAPTER 6

  1   Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employee Benefits Survey. March 2017. https://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2017/ownership/civilian/table32a.htm.

  2   Berg, Janine. Income Security in the On-Demand Economy: Findings and Policy Lessons from a Survey of Crowdworkers. International Labour Office. 2016.

  3   The IBO Gary worked for declined to comment on this.

  CHAPTER 7

  1   DePillis, Lydia. At the Uber for Home Cleaning, Workers Pay a Price for Convenience. Washington Post. September 10, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/storyline/wp/2014/09/10/at-the-uber-for-home-cleaning-workers-pay-a-price-for-convenience/?utm_term=.9e26416360e0.

  2   Khaleeli, Homa. The Truth about Working for Deliveroo, Uber, and the On-Demand Economy. The Guardian. June 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/jun/15/he-truth-about-working-for-deliveroo-uber-and-the-on-demand-economy.

  3   Smith, Aaron. Gig Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing. Pew Research Center. 2016. See “Appendix: Profile of Gig Earners and Online Sellers.” http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/17/gig-work-online-selling-and-home-sharing.

  4   The New York Times Editorial Board. The Gig Economy’s False Promises. New York Times. April 10, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/opinion/the-gig-economys-false-promise.html.

  5   Greenhouse, Steven. The Big Squeeze. Anchor Books, 2008, page 119.

  6   Berlinski, Samuel. Wages and Contracting Out: Does the Law of One Price Hold? British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 46. November 2007. Pages 59–75.

  7   Dube, Arindrajit, and Ethan Kaplan. Institute for Research on Labor and Employment Working Paper Series: Does Outsourcing Reduce Wages in the Low Wage Service Occupations? Evidence from Janitors and Guards. 2008.

  8   US Government Accountability Office. Contingent Workforce: Size, Characteristics, Earnings, and Benefits. April 20, 2015.

  9   Weil, David. The Fissured Workplace: Why Work Became So Bad for So Many. Harvard University Press, 2014, page 20.

  10   Ibid., pages 76–77.

  11   Wong, Julia Carrie. Facebook’s Underclass: As Staffers Enjoy Lavish Perks, Contractors Barely Get By. The Guardian. September 26, 2017.

  12   ProPublica. How We Calculated Injury Rates for Temp and Non-Temp Workers. December 18, 2013. https://www.propublica.org/nerds/how-we-calculated-injury-rates-for-temp-and-non-temp-workers.

  13   Murphy, Brett. Rigged. USA Today. June 16, 2017. https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/news/rigged-forced-into-debt-worked-past-exhaustion-left-with-nothing/.

  14   Testimony of Catherine K. Ruckelshaus, National Employment Law Project Hearing before the United States Congress Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions. June 17, 2010.

  15   Mas, Alexandre, and Amanda Pallais. Valuing Alternative Work Arrangements. NBER Working Paper No. 22708. September 2016.

  16   Kessler, Sarah. The Vast Majority of Workers Just Want a Regular Job, Not Flexibility. Quartz. December 15, 2016. https://qz.com/863618/workers-do-not-value-flexibility/.

  CHAPTER 8

  1   Employers Do Not Always Follow Internal Revenue Service Worker Determination Rulings. Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. June 14, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2013reports/201330058fr.pdf.

  2   Weil, David. “Lots of Employees Get Misclassified. Here’s Why It Matters.” Harvard Business Review. July 5, 2017. https://hbr.org/2017/07/lots-of-employees-get-misclassified-as-contractors-heres-why-it-matters.

  3   Gandel, Stephen. Uber-nomics: Here’s What It Would Cost Uber to Pay Its Drivers as Employees. Fortune. September 17, 2015. http://fortune.com/2015/09/17/ubernomics/. And on Lyft see: Levine, Dan, and Heather Somerville. Lyft Drivers, If Employees, Owed Millions More—Court Documents. Reuters. March 20, 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lyft-drivers-pay-exclusive/exclusive-lyft-drivers-if-employees-owed-millions-more-court-documents-idUSKCN0WM0NO?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews.

  4   Chayka, Kyle. It’s Like Uber for Janitors, with One Huge Difference. Bloomberg. October 9, 2015. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-10-09/it-s-like-uber-for-janitors-with-one-big-difference%0A.

  5   Kessler, Sarah. Why a New Generation of Uber for X Businesses Rejected the Uber for X Model. Fast Company. March 29, 2016. https://www.fastcompany.com/3058299/why-a-new-generation-of-on-demand-businesses-rejected-the-uber-model.

  6   Scheiber, Noam. How Uber Uses Psychological Tricks to Push Its Drivers’ Buttons. New York Times. April 2, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/04/02/technology/uber-drivers-psychological-tricks.html.

  7   Rosenblat, Alex, and Luke Stark. Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers. International Journal of Communication, vol. 10. July 2016. Page 27. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4892/1739.

  8   Alonzo, Austin. Uber Slashes Prices in KC, 47 Other Markets. Kansas City Business Journal. January 12, 2015. https://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/news/2015/01/12/uber-slashes-prices.html.

  9   Beating the Winter Slump: Price Cuts for Riders with Guaranteed Earnings for Drivers. January 8, 2015. https://www.uber.com/newsroom/beating-the-winter-slump-price-cuts-for-riders-and-guaranteed-earnings-for-drivers/.

  10   Huet, Ellen. Uber’s Clever, Hidden Move: How Its Latest Fare Cuts Can Actually Lock in Its Drivers. Forbes. January 9, 2015. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2015/01/09/ubers-clever-hidden-move-how-fare-cuts-actually-lock-in-its-drivers/#66f9ad3a4f1a.

  11   Businesswire. An Uber Impact: 20,000 Jobs Created on the Uber Platform Every Month. May 27, 2014. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140527005594/en/Uber-Impact-20000-Jobs-Created-Uber-Platform.

  12   McFarland, Matt. Uber’s Remarkable Growth Could End the Era of Poorly Paid Cab Drivers. Washington Post. May 27, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2014/05/27/ubers-remarkable-growth-could-end-the-era-of-poorly-paid-cab-drivers/?utm_term=.0350a1ed0a2d.

  13   Walmart press release. More Than One Million Walmart Associates to Receive Pay Increase in 2016. January 20, 2016. https://news.walmart.com/news-archive/2016/01/20/more-than-one-million-walmart-associates-receive-pay-increase-in-2016.

  14   O’Donovan, Caroline, and Jeremy Singer-Vine. How Much Uber Drivers Actually Make per Hour. BuzzFeed News. June 22, 2016. https://www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/internal-uber-driver-pay-numbers?utm%5C_term=.xlBQXPj7P8&utm_term=.bjj7xMyYJ#.sp184dxLD.

  15   Isaac, Mike. Uber’s C.E.O. Plays with Fire. New York Times. April 23, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/23/technology/travis-kalanick-pushes-uber-and-himself-to-the-precipice.html?_r=0.

  16   Federal Trade Commission website. Uber Agrees to Pay $20 Million to Settle FTC Charges That It Recruited Prospective Drivers with Exaggerated Earnings Claims. January 19, 2017. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2017/01/uber-agrees-pay-20-million-settle-ftc-charges-it-recruited.

  17   Green, Carla, and Sam Levin. Homeless, Assaulted, Broke: Drivers
Left behind as Uber Promises Change at the Top. The Guardian. June 17, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/17/uber-drivers-homeless-assault-travis-kalanick.

  18   Manyika, James, Susan Lund, Jacques Bughin, Kelsey Robinson, Jan Mischke, and Deepa Mahajan. Independent Work: Choice, Necessity, and the Gig Economy. McKinsey Global Institute. October 2016.

  19   Kath, Ryan. Infamous TV Pitchman, Who Was Focus of 41 Action News Investigation, Ordered to Federal Court. KSHB Kansas City. March 7, 2013. https://www.kshb.com/news/local-news/investigations/infamous-tv-pitchman-who-was-focus-of-41-action-news-investigation-ordered-to-federal-court. And on The Lookout, see ABC News. Chasing the Dream Seller. The Lookout. May 29, 2013. http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/video/part-chasing-dream-seller-19284233.

  20   Kendall, Marisa. Uber Battling More Than 70 Lawsuits in Federal Courts. Mercury News. July 4, 2016. http://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Homejoy-Postmates-workers-sue-to-be-reclassified-6156533.php.